TORONTO -- The right of police officers to look through someone's phone depends on whether there's a password, Ontario's highest court has ruled.
It's all right for police to have a cursory look through a phone upon arrest if it's not password protected, but if it is, investigators should get a search warrant, the Court of Appeal for Ontario said in a decision released Wednesday.
The court's ruling comes in the case of a man who appealed his robbery conviction, arguing that police breached his charter rights by looking through his phone after his arrest.
Kevin Fearon was arrested in July 2009, after a jewelry stall at a flea market in Toronto was robbed, and police found pictures of a gun and cash as well as a text message about jewelry on his phone.
The court denied his appeal, saying that police were allowed to look through Fearon's phone "in a cursory fashion" to see if there was evidence relevant to the crime, but after that they should have stopped to get a search warrant.
The court says if the phone had been password protected or otherwise locked to anyone other than its owner, "it would not have been appropriate" to look through the phone without a search warrant.
The Appeal Court judges referenced a decision in a murder case in which the judge did not allow evidence from a personal electronic device because it "functioned as a mini-computer," which has a high expectation of privacy. The contents of that device were only extracted by a police officer using specialized equipment in that case, the Appeal Court judges noted.
"There was no suggestion in this case that this particular cellphone functioned as a 'mini-computer' nor that its contents were not 'immediately visible to the eye,"' the court said in its ruling.
"Rather, because the phone was not password protected, the photos and the text message were readily available to other users."
Defence lawyer Sean Robichaud sees that approach as failing to appreciate the extent of information many people keep on their cellphones.
"For all intents and purposes these days they're handheld computers which carry more data and private information than one would typically keep in their room," he said.
"There really is no limit to the amount of information one can get off a cellphone, provided the person has set it up in that fashion."
The courts have recognized in other decisions the high expectation of privacy people have on computers, and Robichaud said in this day and age those precedents should extend to cellphones.
"A person's phone and has all the same capabilities of what would be on a computer," Robichaud said.
"There certainly is a distinction that's drawn in law between laptops and cellphones, but that distinction from my point of view is artificial from a technological standpoint. It really makes no sense."
The court declined to create a specific new rule for all cellphone searches.
"It may be that some future case will produce a factual matrix that will lead the court to carve out a cellphone exception to the law," the ruling said. "To put it in the modern vernacular: 'If it ain't broke, don't fix it."'
